ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine the effect of superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizomaon on natural perimenopausal syndrome in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. To be specific, a total of 60 female SD rats(14-15 months old) with estrous cycle disorder were screened by the vaginal smear and randomized into model control group, β-estradiol 3-benzoate group(0.1 mg·kg~(-1)), superfine powder of Polygonati Rhizoma group(0.25, 0.5 g·kg~(-1)) and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma group(0.25, 0.5 g·kg~(-1)), and another 10 female SD rats(14-15 months old) were selected as the youth control group. The administration lasted 6 weeks. Then the perimenopausal syndrome-related indexes such as body temperature, microcirculatory blood flow of face and ear, vertigo period, salivary secretion, grip force, and bone strength were determined and open field test was conducted. The immune system-related indexes such as the wet weight and index of thymus and spleen, percentage of T lymphocytes and subgroups in peripheral blood, and hematological indexes were measured. In addition, the ovary-related indexes such as estrous cycle, the wet weight and index of uterus and ovary, ovarian tissue morphology, and cell apoptosis were determined. Moreover, hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis(HPO)-related indexes such as serum sex hormone levels, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1(CYP11A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), and cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1(P450 17A1) in ovarian tissue were measured. The results showed that the superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma significantly decreased body temperature(anal, facial and dorsal temperature), microcirculatory blood flow in the ear, and vertigo period, increased salivary secretion, grip force, bone strength, total distance and total speed in the open field test, wet weight and index of thymus and spleen, lymphocyte ratio, CD3~+ level, and CD4~+/CD8~+ ratio, reduced neutrophil number and ratio, estrous cycle disorder ratio, and number of ovarian apoptotic cells, raised wet weight and index of uterus, wet weight of ovary, levels of inhibin B(INHB), estradiol(E_2), anti-müllerian hormone(AMH), and ovarian CYP11A1 and CYP19A1, decreased follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) content, and improved ovarian tissue morphology. It is suggested that the superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma can improve the symptoms associated with natural perimenopausal syndrome in rats and enhance ovarian function and immune function. The mechanism is that they regulate HPO axis function by increasing estrogen synthesis.
Subject(s)
Female , Animals , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Microcirculation , Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme , Perimenopause , Powders , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1ABSTRACT
Dendrobii officinalis, with a definite effect of nourishing Yin and clearing heat, has been a folk habit for drinking after being mixed with water. Because its superfine powder has the advantages of high dissolution and convenient drinking, we observed the effect of D. officinalis superfine powder on metabolic hypertension model rats and its possible mechanism in this experiment, which can be used as a reference for its clinical application for hypertension. The overeating greasy-induced metabolic hypertension model was established with high-fat, high-sugar and high-purine diet. These rats were orally administered with 400 mg·kg~(-1) and 200 mg·kg~(-1) of D. officinalis superfine powder for 20 consecutive weeks. During this period, blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, insulin and other related indexes of glucose and lipid metabolism were monitored; the levels of lipopolysaccharide(LPS), C-reactive protein(CRP), interleukin 6(IL-6) and other inflammatory mediators were measured; the levels of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin-1(ET-1) were detected, and the histomorphological and ultrastructural changes of aorta were observed. In addition, the expression of LPS/TLR4 pathway-related molecules in aorta was determined. The results showed that long-term administration of D. officinalis superfine powder significantly reduced the levels of systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and mean arterial pressure(MBP) in metabolic hypertension model rats, decreased the levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), glucose(Glu), and insulin(INS) levels in blood, increased the contents of high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c),decreased the LPS, CRP, IL-6 and ET-1 levels in blood and increased NO content. Furthermore, it improved the abnormality of aortic histomorphology and endothelial ultrastructure, and inhibited the protein expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor(MyD88), IL-6, interleukin-1 β(IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) as well as mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in aorta. In conclusion, D. officinalis superfine powder may improve the abnormal function and structure of blood vessels by inhibiting the activation of LPS/TLR4 pathway, thus playing a role against metabolic hypertension.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Dendrobium/chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Hyperphagia , Hypertension/drug therapy , Interleukin-6 , Powders , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effects of Purendan Superfine Powder (PRD) on the retinal hemodynamics and the expressions of cytokines in the diabetic rats, and to elucidate its protective effect on diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, diabetes group, and PRD group ( n= 12). The diabetes rat models were established by intraperitoneal injecting streptozotocin (STZ) in diabetes group and PRD group. After successful modeling, the diabetic rats in PRD group were given PRD (1. 8 g • kg-1 ) by gavage for 3 months. The hemodynamics parameters of central retinal artery (CRA) of the rats were measured with color Doppler ultrasound. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in retina tissue were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting methods were used to detect the expression levels of VEGF and bFGF proteins in retina tissue of the rats. Results: Compared with control group, the blood glucose, urine volume, liver index and kidney index of the rats in diabetes group were significantly increased (P<0. 05), the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and mean velocity (MV) of CRA were significantly decreased ( P<0. 05), the resistant index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of CRA were significantly increased ( P
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effects of Purendan Superfine Powder (PRD) on the retinal hemodynamics and the expressions of cytokines in the diabetic rats, and to elucidate its protective effect on diabetic retinopathy (DR) .Methods:Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, diabetes group, and PRD group (n=12) .The diabetes rat models were established by intraperitoneal injecting streptozotocin (STZ) in diabetes group and PRD group.After successful modeling, the diabetic rats in PRD group were given PRD (1.8g·kg-1) by gavage for 3months.The hemodynamics parameters of central retinal artery (CRA) of the rats were measured with color Doppler ultrasound.The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in retina tissue were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting methods were used to detect the expression levels of VEGF and bFGF proteins in retina tissue of the rats.Results:Compared with control group, the blood glucose, urine volume, liver index and kidney index of the rats in diabetes group were significantly increased (P＜0.05) , the peak systolic velocity (PSV) , end diastolic velocity (EDV) and mean velocity (MV) of CRA were significantly decreased (P＜0.05) , the resistant index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of CRA were significantly increased (P＜0.05) , and the expression levels of VEGF and bFGF mRNA and protein in retina tissue were significantly increased (P＜0.05) .Compared with diabetes group, the blood glucose, urine volume, liver index and kidney index of the rats in PRD group were significantly decreased (P＜0.05) , the PSV, EDV and MV of CRA were increased (P＜0.05) , the RI and PI of CRA were decreased (P＜0.05) , the expression levels of VEGF and bFGF mRNA and protein in retina tissue were significantly reduced (P＜0.05) .Conclusion:PRD can protect the diabetic retinal microvascular injury by reducing the blood glucose level, increasing the blood supply of retinal tissue, increasing the amount of microcirculation blood perfusion, reducing the vascular bed perfusion resistance, and reducing the expression of VEGF and bFGF.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effects of superfine powder of Erigeron breviscapus on chronic renal failure (CRF) in rats induced by adenine. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, superfine powder and common powder of E. breviscapus groups, 10 rats in each group. The control group received routine feeding, while the other three groups received intragastrically (ig) with adenine (250 mg/kg) for 21 d to establish rat CRF models. Then, the rats in the control group and model group were received ig with equal volume of distilled water. Also, the rats in the superfine powder and common powder of E. breviscapus group were administered ig with E. breviscapus (3 g/kg) for 42 d. During the experiment, the general condition of each group of rats were observed and the levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined. Expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) at mRNA level were determined by qRT-PCR. Concentrations of kidney tissue inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. Moreover, the kidney tissue was taken for histopathological observation. Results The rats in CRF model group after treatment with superfine and common powder of E. breviscapus appeared different levels of decrease of Scr, BUN, TNF-α, IL-1β, and mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and PAI-1 (P < 0.05). The pathologic changes of kidney tissue were also alleviated in different degrees. The treatment effect of superfine powder of Erigeron breviscapus was better than that of common powder group. Conclusion E. breviscapus has a good renal protective effect in rats with CRF. Furthermore, the superfine powder is more effective than the common powder in the protective effects of renal.
ABSTRACT
Objective To test the acute toxicity and determine the safe dose range of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds.Methods Acute toxicity tests were performed based on the documented experimental designs in Research Methods of Pharmacology of Chinese Traditional Medicine.Results The maximum tolerated dose of the superfine powder and alcoholic-aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves were 0.4 g/20 g and 0.8 g/20 g for mice.The safe dose for human is under or equal to 10 g/50 kg and 20 g/50 kg.Conclusion Moringa oleifera leaves were safe for medical and food use.The further research and development is warranted for this plant.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Processing technology and antioxidant activity in vivo of pomegranate superfine powder were investigated. Methods: Processing technology of superfine powder of Granati Pericarpium was optimized using single-factor tests and response surface methodology (RSM). The antioxidant effect in vivo of superfine powder of Granati Pericarpium with different particle, vitamin E, and normal saline were studied. Results: The optimally grinding conditions for Granati Pericarpium were grinding time of 25 min, grinding temperature of -17℃, and input quantity of 198 g. Under the optimally grinding conditions, the minimum particle size of superfine powder of Granati Pericarpium was 7.68 μm which was close to the predicted value of 7.96 μm. Therefore, the established regression model has good prediction capability. Experimental results show that the superfine powder and vitamin E groups compared with the coarse powder and blank groups could significantly improve the activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and reduce the content of MDA in serum of mice. Conclusion: The ability of superfine powder group on the protection of membrane lipid peroxidation and scavenge free radical is quite superior. It indicates that the active ingredients in the superfine powder of Granati Pericarpium could be dissolved better and more quickly in solvent than those in coarse powder. Therefore, the superfine powder of Granati Pericarpium has the better anti-oxidant effect in vivo.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the renal protective effects of superfine powder of Rhodiola rosea in diabetic nephropathy (DN)rats.Methods The DN rats model was established by one side nephrectomy and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).Then rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:sham-operation group,model group,Rhodiola rosea common powder groups(3 g/kg·d-1),and superfine powder of low,medium and high dose groups (0.75、1.5、3.0 g/kg·d 1),10 rats in each group.Rats were given the relevant drugs respectively for 7 weeks.Finally the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum total cholesterol (STC),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),creatinine (Cr) and urinary protein (Upro) were detected.The kidney tissue was taken for histopathological observation.Results Compared with DN modelgroup [FBG,STC,BUN,Cr and Upro was (24.78±3.66)mmol/L,(4.07±1.32)mmol/L,(22.36±2.54)mmol/L,(86.78±7.47) μmol/L,(50.23±6.82)mg respectively],the rats in DN model group after treatment with common and superfine powder (medium and high dose groups) of Rhodiola rosea appeared different levels of improvement ofFBG [(18.67±2.74) mmol/L,(17.21 ±3.17)mmol/L,(15.48±2.46) mmol/L],STC [(3.33±0.87) mmol/L,(3.42 ± 0.74) mmol/L,(3.21 ±0.92)mmol/L],BUN [(15.43±2.04)mmol/L,(16.56±1.85)mmol/L,(12.44±1.36)mmol/L],Cr [(66.17 ± 4.43) μmol/L,(68.42 ± 5.06) μmol/L,(61.33±4.21)μmol/L] and Upro [(37.47±5.64) mg、(35.66 ± 4.72) mg,(27.37± 3.92) mg],P＜ 0.05.The pathologic changes of kidney tissue were improved,too.Conclusion Rhodiola rosea has a good renal protective effect in rats with DN.Furthermore,the superfine powder is more effective than the common powder in renal protective effects.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the stability of superfine powder of Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus (FTB), Gastrodiae Radix (GR), and Rhodiolae Crenulateae Radix et Rhizoma (RCRR). Methods: The superfine powder of FTB, GR, and RCRR was prepared and stored at room temperature for 12 months. We investigated the powder characteristics for the particle size, powder morphology, specific surface area, bulk density, and angle of repose. Furthermore, the content and in vitro dissolution of effective ingredients were quantified to evaluate the stability of superfine powder of FTB, GR, and RCRR. Results: After storing at room temperature for 12 months, there were little differences between the superfine powder in physicochemical characteristics. The effective ingredient content of superfine powder was essentially unchanged and the in vitro dissolution rate curve remained the same. Conclusion: After storing at room temperature for 12 months, the stability of FTB, GR, and RCRR superfine powder is good, which provides the experimental references for the further study of the superfine powder of Chinese materia medica.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To prepare the three kinds of superfine powder of Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus (FTB), Gastrodiae Radix (GR), and Rhodiolae Crenulateae Radix et Rhizoma (RCRR) and compare the differences of their physicochemical properties in different patical diameters of Chinese materia medica (CMM) powder. Methods: The superfine powder of FTB, GR, and RCRR was prepared to investigate the powder characteristics for the particle diameters, powder morphology, liquidity, and hygroscopicity. Furthermore, the ethanol extract and the effective ingredient content were quantified to evaluate the impact of particle diameters on the physicochemical properties of FTB, GR, and RCRR. Results: There were differences between the common and superfine powder in physicochemical characteristics. With the decreasing of particle diameters of FTB, GR, and RCRR powder, both the specific surface area and the moisture increased while the liquidity decreased slightly. The alcohol soluble extract and effective ingredient content increased. Conclusion: After superfine grinding, the powder properties of FTB, GR, and RCRR superfine powder are changed, the dissolution of effective ingredient is promoted, which provides the experimental references for the further study on the superfine powder of CMM.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the micromeritics of common powder and superfine powder of Chuan-xiong Rhizoma. Methods: Particle size and particle size distribution were detected by laser particle analyzer; Microscopic characteristics of the two sorts of powder of Chuanxiong Rhizoma were surveyed by biological microscope; The angle of repose and the bulk density were measured; The moisture absorption of common powder and superfine powder were determined on condition of 25°C and relative humidity of 75%. Results: D50 of common powder and superfine powder were 14.58 and 58.54 μm, and the superfine powder was more uniformly distributed. There were many differences between superfine powder and common powder in microscopic characteristics, including greatly smaller oil droplets in superfine powder. There was no significant change in flow ability, bulk density, and moisture absorption. Conclusion After being superfinely comminuted, the powder of Chuanxiong Rhizoma is more uniformly distributed with greatly increased broken cell wall. The oil droplets are much smaller in surperfine powder, which provides a preliminary basis for "emulsification structure". There is no significant change in flow ability, bulk density, and moisture absorption because of rich volatile oil in Chuanxiong Rhizoma.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To determine content of paeoniflorin in shaofuzhuyu superfine powder granules by HPLC. METHODS: The separation was performed on C18 chromatographic column, the mobile phase was methanol -0.05mol/L KH2PO4(40∶65)with a flow speed at 1ml/min, detection wavelength at 230nm and column temperature at 30℃. RESULTS:The linear range of paeoniflorin was 15.04～752.00?g/ml(r=0.9 998,n=6),the mean recovery rate was 103.3%(RSD=1.53%,n=3).CONCLUSION:This method was simple, accurate, good in recurrence and high in precision, and which can be used for the contents determination and the quality control of the shaofuzhuyu superfine powder granules.